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Chicory (Cichorium) belongs to the composite family (Compositae or Asteraceae) and includes well-known vegetables such as chicory and endive. It is mainly consumed for health reasons.
Since the late years of the twentieth century, chicory roots have been cultivated not only for chicory, but also for the production of inulin and sweeteners, especially fructose. Both inulin (a dietary fiber) and fructose are widely used in the food industry.
Roasted chicory root is used as a coffee substitute or as an ingredient in coffee brewing. In the past, this was done out of necessity, such as during the Napoleonic blockade during the French occupation.

Chicory (Cichorium) belongs to the composite family (Compositae or Asteraceae) and includes well-known vegetables such as chicory and endive. It is mainly consumed for health reasons.
Since the late years of the twentieth century, chicory roots have been cultivated not only for chicory, but also for the production of inulin and sweeteners, especially fructose. Both inulin (a dietary fiber) and fructose are widely used in the food industry.
Roasted chicory root is used as a coffee substitute or as an ingredient in coffee brewing. In the past, this was done out of necessity, such as during the Napoleonic blockade during the French occupation.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum ceylon) is an ancient spice extracted from the bark of the cinnamon tree. A section of the bark is carefully cut away, after which the rough outer layer is removed. The familiar cinnamon sticks or cinnamon powder are created from the inner layer of the bark. Cinnamon has been valued for centuries for its culinary and cultural uses.
In Asian and other cultures, cinnamon is traditionally used for various purposes, with its delightful aroma playing a significant role. This aroma is primarily determined by the volatile oil cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamon also naturally contains substances such as eugenol, coumarins, tannins, OPCs, and terpenes.

The American witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is a shrub belonging to the family Hamamelidaceae, native to North America from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and from southern and central Florida to eastern Texas.
The shrub can reach a height of 6 to sometimes even 10 meters, with a bushy growth thanks to the many branches that arise just above the ground. The bark is light brown, smooth but somewhat flaky, and shows a reddish-purple color on the inside.
Blooming from September through October, the flowers of the American witch hazel display clusters of 4 stamens. They usually range from pale yellow to bright yellow, although orange or red hues also occur. The petals are ribbon-shaped and measure 10-20 mm in length.

Corn hair, also called corn beard, consists of the fine stigmas of the corn plant. When fresh, these threads are green; after drying, they turn dark brown to black.
Cornflour is traditionally used in various herbal and food preparations. It is prized for its mild flavor and has long been used in various traditional applications.

Damiana (Turnera diffusa) is a shrub native to southern Texas, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The plant belongs to the Passifloraceae family and is known for its aromatic leaves.
In Mexico and other parts of Latin America, damiana has been used for centuries in culinary and cultural traditions. The leaves are made into herbal teas and sometimes smoked, among other things. Damiana is also a traditional ingredient in Mexican liqueurs and is sometimes used in cocktails, such as margaritas, where it complements the flavor or replaces part of the liqueur.
Damiana leaves naturally contain various plant compounds, such as beta-sitosterol, arbutin, and various alkaloids.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a plant that has been used for centuries in various cultures. Both the root and the aerial parts of the plant are used and are known for their versatile uses.
The young leaves of the dandelion are traditionally used in dishes such as salads, especially in spring. The yellow flowers can be used as decoration and are also suitable for drying and making into herbal tea.
Dandelions naturally contain various plant compounds, including bitter substances, flavonoids, and fatty acids. They are also a source of vitamins, such as B vitamins and vitamin C, and contain minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. Because of this composition, the dandelion is valued as an edible wild plant in herbal culture.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a plant that has been used for centuries in various cultures. Both the root and the aerial parts of the plant are used and are known for their versatile uses.
The young leaves of the dandelion are traditionally used in dishes such as salads, especially in spring. The yellow flowers can be used as decoration and are also suitable for drying and making into herbal tea.
Dandelions naturally contain various plant compounds, including bitter substances, flavonoids, and fatty acids. They are also a source of vitamins, such as B vitamins and vitamin C, and contain minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese.

Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) owes its name to the striking, claw-like spines that cover its fruits. The botanical name is derived from the Greek word harpagos, meaning "anchor," and refers to the characteristic shape of these spines.
The plant grows naturally in dry regions of southern Africa, particularly in the Kalahari Desert, which extends across parts of Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. Devil's claw is a distant relative of the sesame plant and blooms with striking, trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of red to purple.
Botanical and ethnographic descriptions primarily focus on the underground parts of the plant, such as the tubers and roots. 

The purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The genus name Echinacea is derived from the Greek word echinos, meaning "hedgehog," and refers to the spiky flower cone that characterizes this plant.
Echinacea purpurea is native to North America and is now cultivated worldwide. The plant has striking purplish-pink flowers and is valued for its ornamental appearance and botanical properties. Since the early twentieth century, there has been considerable interest in this species in Europe, leading to extensive botanical and historical research.

The purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The genus name Echinacea is derived from the Greek word echinos, meaning "hedgehog," and refers to the spiky flower cone that characterizes this plant.
Echinacea purpurea is native to North America and is now cultivated worldwide. The plant has striking purplish-pink flowers and is valued for its ornamental appearance and botanical properties. Since the early twentieth century, there has been considerable interest in this species in Europe, leading to extensive botanical and historical research.

The elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is a native tree or shrub that grows widely in the Netherlands. It grows in a variety of locations, such as along roads, in forest edges, and in gardens.
At the end of May, the elderberry blooms with large umbels of small, creamy-white flowers that exude a sweet, floral fragrance. These blossoms are traditionally used to make elderflower liqueur, syrup, and pancakes, among other things.
The flowers contain various natural plant compounds, including flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, and astragalin. They also contain tannins, triterpenes, fatty acids, and essential oils.

The Elecampane (Inula helenium) is a perennial plant that belongs to the composite family (Compositae or Asteraceae). This plant is naturally found in Western and Central Asia and has been known for its culinary and medicinal uses since ancient times.
The ancient Greeks called the plant helenion, which means "the radiant, the splendid." This name is related to hèlios, which means "sun". There are several myths surrounding the naming. The Romans adopted the Greek name and called the plant inula. When Linnaeus introduced the scientific Latin name Inula helenium in 1753, he combined the Roman genus name with the Greek specific name.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a shrubby plant native to parts of Russia, China, Korea, and Japan. The plant belongs to the Araliaceae family and is botanically related to, but distinct from, the better-known Panax species such as Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).
The roots of Siberian ginseng have long been mentioned in East Asian and Russian botanical literature. These historical and cultural sources describe the plant as part of traditional practices. This long history of use has also led to Siberian ginseng becoming known beyond its native range.

The elm (Ulmus), also known as olm, is a genus of deciduous trees. These trees have feather-veined leaves with a serrate or double-serrate leaf edge. They bloom before the leaves appear, with small green perianths whose petals are fused together. Above the perianths are the stamens with purple anthers and the pistil. The seeds of the elm are flattened and have a broad, winged edge. Elms thrive best in fairly nutrient-rich, moist and calcareous soil.

Eucalyptus belongs to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and is native to Australia and adjacent areas. A few specimens were brought to Europe by Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's expedition.
In Europe, eucalyptus is primarily planted in the Mediterranean region. Some species can also grow on the west coast of England and Scotland, although only a few are winter-hardy.
Early oil is extracted from the leaves of several eucalyptus species. The best-known species for this purpose are Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus odorata.

The Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) belongs to the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae) and mainly thrives in France, with the exception of the Mediterranean region. This plant can also be found in other parts of Europe, such as Germany, Austria and Scotland.
The Eyebright is an annual plant that usually grows between 10 and 25 cm high and is covered with numerous long glandular hairs. From May to September the plant blooms with white flowers that often have a light purple upper lip and a yellow spot on the lower lip.

Feverfew, also known as feverfew, is an aromatic perennial plant native to southwestern Europe. It has a long history in herbal medicine and is traditionally grown in herb gardens for its aromatic flowers and leaves.
The plant naturally contains various plant compounds, including flavonoids and other bioactive components. Flowers and leaves are used in herbal products and teas. Thanks to its rich composition, feverfew is a popular herb for use in various traditional applications and botanical collections.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), also known as horsetail because of its characteristic appearance, belongs to the horsetail family (Equisetaceae). The plant is common in Europe and grows in a variety of locations, such as meadows, along roads, on fallow land, and on slopes.
Horsetail is one of the oldest plant species on earth, having existed for approximately 390 million years. The plant is distinguished by its deep root system, which allows it to absorb nutrients from deeper soil layers. As a result, horsetail naturally contains various plant compounds, including minerals, fiber, and silicon.

Garlic (Allium sativum) belongs to the Alliaceae family and is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. The plant develops a leafy, round flower shaft from the bulb in spring. Garlic is prized worldwide for both its characteristic flavor and distinct aroma.
The use of garlic has a long history in various cultures. Since ancient times, the plant has been part of traditional cuisines and herbal lore. Its intense aroma makes garlic a common ingredient in a wide variety of dishes.

The great yellow gentian, also known as Gentiana lutea, is a perennial plant in the gentian family (Gentianaceae). It grows naturally in European mountains, primarily at altitudes up to 2200 meters.
The plant can reach a height of 0.5–1.5 meters. Its opposite leaves have five to seven arching veins. The large yellow flowers appear in clusters of three to ten in the axils of the upper leaves, but the plant only blooms after seven to ten years and can then live for 40 to 60 years.
The rhizome of the great yellow gentian can grow up to 1 meter long and is fleshy and thickened to 5 cm. The root contains sugars such as gentiobiose and natural bitter substances, as well as phytosterols, phenolic acids, oligosaccharides, and pectins. 

The Cape geranium (Pelargonium sidoides), known locally as "umckaloabo," is a native geranium species from South Africa. It grows wild among tall grasses and aromatic flower beds on the slopes of the Cape coast and in the grasslands of Lesotho.
The Cape geranium has soft, velvety gray-green leaves and deep magenta flowers. The plant's rhizomes turn dark red when dried and ground.
Pelargonium sidoides belongs to the Geraniaceae family. Originally, the Pelargoniums brought to Europe closely resembled common garden geraniums, but botanically, there appears to be a clear difference between this South African species and the geraniums grown in gardens. In the wild, the plant occurs only in a few small areas of South Africa, but today it is also cultivated on plantations.

Ginger comes from the root of the ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) and is used worldwide as a spice for its characteristic flavor. The root contains natural compounds such as gingerol, shogaol, and zingiberene, which contribute to ginger's characteristic aromas and flavors.
Ginger is a versatile plant used in cuisines around the world, both fresh and dried, and can be incorporated into teas, spice blends, or dishes.

The Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhairtree), also known as the Japanese temple tree, is a unique deciduous tree with a very long history. The species has been mentioned for centuries in botanical and cultural sources from East Asia and is native to China.
Ginkgo biloba is unique within the plant kingdom and is considered a species with no direct relatives. For this reason, Charles Darwin called the ginkgo a "living fossil." The tree has existed for approximately 250 million years and has survived several mass extinctions. Today, it is planted worldwide as an ornamental and avenue tree.