A, B, C, D, E

The Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) belongs to the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae) and mainly thrives in France, with the exception of the Mediterranean region. This plant can also be found in other parts of Europe, such as Germany, Austria and Scotland.
The Eyebright is an annual plant that usually grows between 10 and 25 cm high and is covered with numerous long glandular hairs. From May to September the plant blooms with white flowers that often have a light purple upper lip and a yellow spot on the lower lip.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), also known as horsetail because of its characteristic appearance, belongs to the horsetail family (Equisetaceae). The plant is common in Europe and grows in a variety of locations, such as meadows, along roads, on fallow land, and on slopes.
Horsetail is one of the oldest plant species on earth, having existed for approximately 390 million years. The plant is distinguished by its deep root system, which allows it to absorb nutrients from deeper soil layers. As a result, horsetail naturally contains various plant compounds, including minerals, fiber, and silicon.

Garlic (Allium sativum) belongs to the Alliaceae family and is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. The plant develops a leafy, round flower shaft from the bulb in spring. Garlic is prized worldwide for both its characteristic flavor and distinct aroma.
The use of garlic has a long history in various cultures. Since ancient times, the plant has been part of traditional cuisines and herbal lore. Its intense aroma makes garlic a common ingredient in a wide variety of dishes.

Gunpowder (zhūchá) is a Chinese green tea that gets its name from the grey-green, tightly rolled leaves that are reminiscent of 18th century gunpowder. Another possible explanation is that "freshly brewed" sounds like *gun-pao-da* in Chinese.
When steeped in hot water, the leaves unfold, giving the tea its characteristic grassy and sometimes smoky flavour.
In China, this tea is also known as pearl tea (珠茶). Gunpowder is mainly produced in the Ningbo region and is one of the most popular Chinese export teas. Nowadays, the balls are rolled by machine, except for the higher quality varieties, which are still made by hand.

The two-styled hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) is a thorny shrub or small tree native to much of Europe. In spring, it blooms with white flowers, while in autumn it produces dark red, spherical or egg-shaped berries, also known as "whitebeans."
The leaves, flowers, and berries of the hawthorn naturally contain a rich composition of plant compounds, including flavonoids, procyanidins, vitamin C, tannins, and glycosides. Because of this composition, hawthorn is traditionally used in various herbal products and supplements.

Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum) is a bushy, aromatic shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family. The plant is native to Southern Europe but was introduced early on to more northerly parts of Europe, where it adapted well.
Summer lemongrass has a long cultural and historical background. In ancient traditions of Germanic peoples, the plant was used symbolically in rituals, while the Romans prized it for its fragrance and made the perfume Abrotenum from it. Due to its aromatic properties, summer lemongrass was also used for household and cosmetic purposes.

Epimedium, commonly known as fairy flower, is a genus of approximately 25 species of perennial plants in the barberry family (Berberidaceae). These plants are native to southern Europe and parts of Asia, including Central, South, and East Asia.
Epimedium species are perennial and have striking, graceful flowers that appear in spring or early summer. The delicate, spidery flowers consist of four petals and add a unique touch to any garden.
In China, the plant is known as "yin yang huo." According to ancient stories, it was given this name after a goat herder noticed his animals eating the plant.

Lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) belongs to a genus of approximately one thousand species of perennial herbaceous and shrubby plants within the rose family (Rosaceae). The plant is primarily found in Europe and Asia, with some species in mountainous regions of Africa and North and South America. It prefers to grow in damp and disturbed places, such as forest edges, wet grasslands, and roadsides.

Lemongrass, also known as sereh (Cymbopogon citratus), belongs to the grass family (Poaceae). This plant is widely used in Asian cuisine, especially in dishes from Thailand, India, Vietnam and Indonesia. Lemongrass thrives in several regions, including India, Africa, Vietnam, Australia and America. In Indonesia it is known as sereh, and this name is also often used in the Netherlands.
The leaves of the lemongrass plant are the culinary stars. They have a refreshing, lemony taste and are not consumed raw. Pieces of lemongrass are often added to dishes during cooking or stewing, after which they are removed before serving.

The long sundew (Drosera longifolia) is a perennial carnivorous plant belonging to the sundew family (Droseraceae).
The plant grows to a height of 5-20 cm and forms a rosette of leaves. The leaves have long stems and are upright, oblong to lanceolate, with the widest point above the center. They are covered with numerous red, sticky tentacles containing glandular tissue. These tentacles catch small insects such as Simuliidae. Once an insect touches the tentacles, the leaf coils around the insect and secretes digestive enzymes. The released nutrients, including nitrogen, are absorbed by the plant.

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) belongs to the mallow family (Malvaceae) and has been spread worldwide by human activity, especially to areas with suitable soil, humidity and climate.
The starch in the carrot, mixed with proteinaceous substances, was formerly used in making marshmallows and bacon. The leaves can be eaten cooked and the flowers can be used raw in salads.

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) belongs to the mallow family (Malvaceae) and has been spread worldwide by human activity, especially to areas with suitable soil, humidity and climate.
The starch in the carrot, mixed with proteinaceous substances, was formerly used in making marshmallows and bacon. The leaves can be eaten cooked and the flowers can be used raw in salads.

The marigold, or Calendula officinalis, belongs to the Asteraceae family (Compositae) and is often cultivated in ornamental gardens. It originates from Southern Europe.
It is an annual plant with usually orange flowers, sometimes yellow, that can reach a height of 30–45 cm. The flowering period runs from May to November, and the fruits are often curved and boat-shaped.
Both fresh and dried flowers can be used in soups and as a natural coloring for cheese, butter, and other foods. Historically, the petals were also used to simulate saffron.
In addition, marigold petals are used in products such as ointments and tinctures. The flowers contain essential oils that are used in the processing of these products.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum), also known as milk thistle, is a spiny plant in the Asteraceae family. It originates in the Mediterranean region, but also grows in temperate regions such as the Netherlands and Belgium.
The plant is known for its striking, white-flecked leaves and purple flower heads. Milk thistle seeds contain natural compounds, including silymarin, a group of bioactive compounds considered antioxidants. Because of this composition, milk thistle is traditionally used in various food and herbal products.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) is a plant in the Asteraceae family and is closely related to wormwood. It is a weakly aromatic plant with deeply incised leaves that are white and felt-like hairy on the underside. The stem can reach a length of approximately 60 to 120 centimeters and often exhibits a reddish discoloration.
Mugwort is common in the Netherlands and Belgium. The plant grows primarily in fallow land, along roads, and on other disturbed soil types. Mugwort thrives best in sandy soils and is known for its strong adaptability.

Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica), also known by the basic name Lichen islandicus, is a shrubby lichen belonging to the Parmeliaceae family (shell mosses). The species is native to cold and mountainous regions and is extremely rare in the Netherlands. For this reason, Iceland moss is listed on the Dutch Red List as critically endangered.
Iceland moss has a long cultural and historical background. Botanical and historical sources from the 17th century describe the lichen as part of the botanical knowledge of the time. During that period, the lichen was collected whole and used in traditional practices. These uses are part of historical and folklore.

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) is a plant in the legume family (Leguminosae) that grows naturally in the fynbos around the Cederberg Mountains in South Africa. Since around 1930, the plant has been cultivated for the production of rooibos tea. The leaves are picked, crushed, and left in the sun to oxidize, giving them their characteristic reddish-brown color.
The name 'rooibos' comes from Afrikaans and means "red forest," derived from the Dutch word.
Rooibos is traditionally used in South Africa as a spice and is used in both beverages and cosmetics. It is naturally caffeine-free and low in tannins, giving it a mild, slightly sweet flavor. Rooibos leaves contain various plant compounds, including antioxidants and minerals such as calcium and iron.

Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) is a plant in the Brassicaceae family. It is an annual or biennial, upright-growing plant that can reach a height of approximately 5 to 60 centimeters. The plant is winter-hardy and usually has a woody taproot. The sinuously serrated leaves form a rosette around the spindle-shaped root.
Shepherd's purse is common in temperate regions and grows in a variety of locations, such as fields, roadsides, and fallow land. Its distinctive heart-shaped seed pods make the plant easy to identify.
In historical and folklore sources, shepherd's purse is mentioned as part of traditional plant knowledge. The young rosette leaves are also used in culinary dishes. They can be used raw in salads or added to soups and other hot dishes.

The Heather (Erica vulgaris - Calluna vulgaris) belongs to the heath family (Ericaceae) and grows throughout Europe, especially in Central and Northern Europe. It even reaches Western Siberia in the east. In the nineteenth century, Scottish immigrants brought the heather to Canada, from where it spread throughout North America. It is the only species in the genus Calluna, meaning it is a monotypic genus.

The shrub heath can grow to a height of 10-100 cm, sometimes even up to 150 cm in certain places. It has hermaphroditic, symmetrical flowers, with the calyx and petals being the same color. Purple flowers appear towards the end of the branches, creating the purple heaths from late July to early September.

Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum; synonym: Asperula odorata) is a perennial, hardy herbaceous plant in the Rubiaceae family. It grows naturally in deciduous woodlands and shady areas and is known for its delicate fragrance, which becomes more pronounced after drying.
The plant has a thin, creeping root with numerous stolons. The upright, square stem is delicate, unbranched, and typically grows 10 to 30 cm tall. The leaves are arranged in whorls of six to nine and are lance-shaped, 1 to 4 cm long. Botanically, only two of these are true leaves; the others are stipules that resemble each other in shape and function and together form a star-shaped cluster.

Turmeric, also known as turmeric (Curcuma longa), is a tropical plant native to India and Southeast Asia. The root has been used for centuries and is best known in powdered form. In the Netherlands, it is often called "geelwortel" (yellow root) because of its bright yellow color, which is used in curry mixtures, mustard, and other culinary preparations.
Turmeric plays an important role in various Asian cuisines, where it is valued for its color, aroma, and distinctive flavor. The root is found in historical and cultural sources and was traditionally incorporated into dishes and spice blends.

Turmeric, also known as Javanese ginger (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), is a tropical plant native to India and Southeast Asia. The root of this plant has been used for centuries and is best known in powdered form. In the Netherlands, turmeric is also known as yellow root (gelukkigroot) because of its intense yellow color, which is used in curry mixtures and mustard, among other things.
Turmeric plays an important role in various Asian cuisines, where it is valued for its color, aroma, and characteristic flavor. Besides its culinary uses, turmeric is traditionally described in historical and cultural sources from India and Indonesia, where the root played an integral role in daily life.

Absinthe wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is a plant from the composite family (Asteraceae). This species is on the Dutch Red List of plants as quite rare and moderately reduced in numbers. It is a perennial plant that grows naturally on dry, calcareous, nitrogen-rich and cultivated soils in temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa. The genus name Artemisia is derived from the Greek hunting goddess Artemis.
The bitter extract of these buds is an important ingredient in drinks such as vermouth and classic absinthe. The most important flavorings are absinthine and the menthol-smelling terpene thujone.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a herbaceous plant in the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is a hardy perennial species common in the Netherlands and other parts of Europe. The plant is recognizable by its finely divided, feathery leaves and small flower heads, which are usually white but sometimes have a light pink tinge.
Yarrow has a long history and has been described in botanical and historical sources for centuries. The plant is named after the Greek hero Achilles, who, according to tradition, used yarrow, contributing to the herb's fame in classical antiquity.